Category: 03 – Ethics
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Designing data collection methods for computational analysis
For results to be suitable for computational analysis it is usual to design responses so they can be easily coded. Enter a code (numeric/alpha-numeric) entry is simplified as is analysis and interpretation. Simplest form of coding is binary for yes/no questions. Yes represented by 1 and No represented by 0. Hence a series of eight…
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Pilot testing
Having designed questionnaire/survey it is necessary to carry out pilot test/study. This enables any defects/problems/ambiguities in structure and questions, including leading questions, to be identified before it is circulated to full sample of respondents. Pilot study undertaken in two phases: Asking colleagues for their opinion Using sample population from intended population. Would be unethical to…
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Internet or Intranet surveys
The Internet and internal networks provide a means to gather responses from a far wider audience than traditional methods in a shorter timeframe. Technology however has ethical considerations such as potentially excluding respondents who do not have access to the Internet, limiting respondents to only those with access to the network such as students or…
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Collecting Data and Information – Questionnaires
Questionnaires form part of a survey – used to collect qualitative and/or quantitative data. Ethical questions are not leading (see earlier example of “What is your religion?”). Can ask open-ended questions to avoid bias – “What do you think of the website?” – encourages feelings or ideas to be expressed. However, open-ended questions can be…
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Anonymity
All data used in research paper should be anonymised so that individuals are unidentifiable.
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Methods
Research method needs both practical & ethical consideration. Will method lead to appropriate/valid results or will it bias them? The questions posed can lead respondents to provide certain answers, e.g. “What is your religion?” – to avoid leading should be asked – “Do you have a religion?” followed by “If so, what is it?”. Ethical…
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Topic
Some topics more dubious than others e.g. hacking or causing deceit. Some areas such as banking present hurdle which will not likely be overcome when trying to gather data or even permission to gather data. Topics that will not get approval include those related to pornography, terrorism or criminal activity.
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Aspects of Research Affected by Ethical Considerations
All aspects of research affected: Topic Methods Anonymity Collecting Data and Information – Questionnaires Internet or Intranet Surveys Pilot Testing Designing data collection methods for computational analysis Collecting Data and Information – Observation Techniques Evaluating Software Usability – Think it out loud Focus Groups Interviews Group Interviews
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Why are Ethics Important?
Method of carrying out research may affect results – how observations and surveys are carried out will impact the actions and replies. Some projects may have particular ethical considerations that need to be addressed, e.g. when a system is being evaluated by a vulnerable group. These considerations are in addition to those standard considerations around…
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What is meant by “Ethics”?
Refers to set of rules, principles or standards governing conduct of members of profession, or way individuals carry out work relating to profession. Research not done in isolation. Process of conducting research & the results have impact on other people – even if just increasing body of knowledge. Before starting research, evaluate impact & determine…